Publications

GitHub Actions exploitation: repo jacking and environment manipulation

10/07/2024 In the previous article, we highlighted three common misconfigurations in GitHub workflows that can be leveraged to obtain write access to the targeted repository or extract sensitive secrets. We illustrated these vulnerabilities using real-world instances from popular open-source projects such as Microsoft, FreeRDP, AutoGPT, Excalidraw, Angular, Apache, Cypress and others. We also present octoscan a static vulnerability scanner for GitHub action workflows. In this article, we will again outline three common misconfigurations that ca...

GitHub Actions exploitation: untrusted input

02/07/2024 In the previous article, we explored the mechanics of GitHub Actions, uncovering the various elements present in a GitHub workflow. For example, we explained how permissions are managed, how workflows are triggered and the security implication of some dangerous triggers. We also detailed security protections that need to be bypassed to perform exploitation. In this article, we will outline three common misconfigurations that can be exploited to gain write access to the targeted repository or extract sensitive secrets. Each of them wi...

GitHub Actions exploitation: introduction

27/06/2024 CI/CD (Continuous Integration / Continuous Delivery) systems are becoming increasingly popular today. This can be explained by the difficulty to maintain and deploy multiple projects simultaneously. These systems help teams and developers by enforcing automation when building, testing and deploying applications. For example, an application deployment can be triggered after a developer pushes a new version of the code to a repository. GitHub Actions is the CI/CD environment of GitHub, allowing users to execute a specific set of tasks ...

WHFB and Entra ID : Say Hello to your new cache flow

05/06/2024 During security assessments, the cache can be a goldmine on Microsoft environments. Red teamers are familiar with MSCache or DCC2 hashes, which could be a fast track to a privileged account. However, when using WHFB and a cloud-only Entra ID environment, these hashes no longer exist. This blogpost aims at analyzing the cache components of Entra ID-joined devices with WHFB configured and provides a toolkit to use them.

Inside the iOS bug that made deleted photos reappear

23/05/2024 Last week, Apple released iOS 17.5. Since then multiple people reported seeing photos on their phone they had previously deleted. The bug was fixed in 17.5.1. In this blogpost we will dive into how the bug appeared and how it was fixed by Apple.

Hijacking GitHub runners to compromise the organization

22/05/2024 In a recent engagement we managed to compromise a GitHub app allowed to register self-hosted runners at the organization level. Turns out, it is possible to register a GitHub runner with the ubuntu-latest tag, granting access to jobs originally designated for GitHub-provisioned runners. Using this method, an attacker could compromise any workflow of the organization and steal CI/CD secrets or push malicious code on the different repositories.

Understanding and evading Microsoft Defender for Identity PKINIT detection

06/05/2024 A few months following our blogpost on Microsoft Defender for Identity, new alerts related to Active Directory Certificate Services were added. This article will focus on suspicious certificate usage alerts: the detection mechanism will be explained as well as how to avoid raising any alert. In addition, a PowerShell script will be released to perform Kerberos authentication via PKINIT with the Windows API, from a non domain-joined machine.

iOS: a journey in the USB networking stack

30/04/2024 In this article, we give a small journey inside the implementation of networking interfaces exposed by iOS when connected via USB. These are used for sharing a computer's connection with iPhone (tethering), sharing an iPhone's connection with a computer (reverse tethering) and since the latest versions of iOS, USB networking even carries RemoteXPC packets which seems to be the future common ground for all Apple based cross-device communications.

👻 Souls without bodies, phantom types shenanigans 👻

26/04/2024 In this article, we will present strange data types that only exist in the realm of types, called phantom types. We will also briefly introduce GADTs, and how to emulate some of their safety guarantees in languages where they are not available. This simple technique can go a long way towards making APIs safer and more expressive.

So I became a node: exploiting bootstrap tokens in Azure Kubernetes Service

23/04/2024 During one of our assessments, we managed to retrieve a Kubernetes bootstrap token from an AKS pod. It was a good opportunity to get a closer look at these tokens, how they work and how to exploit them. In this first blog post, we will describe the inner working of bootstrap tokens, the node authorization mode, signers and certificate controllers. Then we will show how to exploit a pod sharing the host network namespace in an AKS environment to leak such a token. The information provided in this blog post is based on Kubernetes v1.28 ...